[introduction]1947, when making the transistor that gave the first can regular job successfully with William Shockley when John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, their have not thinks of, transistor can make the mainest component of electronic product nowadays. Transistor is known as one of inventions with 20 the greatest centuries, it improved vacuum tube to be in the blemish of power comsumption and measure respect, the development that is electronic equipment laid a foundation, also brought convenient and efficient digitlization to live for people.

1947, when making the transistor that gave the first can regular job successfully with William Shockley when John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, their have not thinks of, transistor can make the mainest component of electronic product nowadays. Transistor is known as one of inventions with 20 the greatest centuries, it improved vacuum tube to be in the blemish of power comsumption and measure respect, the development that is electronic equipment laid a foundation, also brought convenient and efficient digitlization to live for people.

Transistor had gone 76 years to now from the invention. Without doubt, time of 76 years to Everyman it is a tremendous spanning, we may be already unthinkable giving the world that does not have transistor is what appearance. Come 76 years, countless engineers and developer people advance wave upon wave, in the again and again overturn the structure that model transistor weighs in type innovation and application. Nowadays, the processor of the smartphone is compositive and average 10 billion transistor, most propbably has exceeded far the imagination of Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley.

The article will review the history of transistor, discuss the development way that its did not come to, divide what crystallization body manages basic structure to change, and the applied foreground of newest Multi-Die system.

1.Is the invention of transistor inspirational from why and come?

From the first point contact transistor (graph 1) after appearing, transistor had obtained great progress. Before canal of Dan Zaijing body is born, the invention of electronic discovery and vacuum tube had become the milepost that electronic technology develops.

Graph 1: Sketch map of point contact transistor

The electron is earlier than the occurrence of vacuum tube 10 years, crossed transistor 40 years to just be born again. Vacuum tube can be in ” ” and ” close ” switch is telegraphic between condition date or power source (be similar to relay) magnify signal, control the flow of the electron in circuit effectively, for the number design and imitate design laid a foundation.

Vacuum tube has canal of a glass, there is filament of a metal inside, very resemble bulb. Its open of electronic product epochal, drove the occurrence of table radio and inchoate computer, but these equipment are put in bulk the defect with big, tall power comsumption. Transistor by material of a small rectangular semiconductor (silicon or germanium) make, conduce to the power comsumption that reduces existing design considerably, and compose builds gianter, more complex system.

After 10 years, can discharge cloth the integrated circuit of many transistor and other electron component (IC) appear, become urge driving force of transistor all-pervading core. The mankind entered a month successfully first 1969, the IC result that Apollo embeds in 11 spacecraft lunar module and two direct computer cannot be done not have, this is the feat that use vacuum tube cannot realize.

2.Satisfy burgeoning applied requirement

Apply in dimension, function and power comsumption respect to produce new requirement ceaselessly, drive transistor to develop ceaselessly. Nowadays, in complex framework system compositive billions of transistor, electronic equipment is able to realize miniature to change accordingly, developer can make more efficient and reliable equipment.

Graph 2: CMOS transistor sketch map

Applied development experienced 3 level, this also is affecting the development course that transistor goes a few years.

The first phase is the dimension of contractible communication and computational equipment, for example small-sized radio or computer, with respect to the computer that like Apollo 11 place use. As the PC gain ground ceaselessly, applied development enters the 2nd phase, promote application the capability of itself namely: Use the innovation equipment with the powerful function such as the computer to execute new function, write documentation with the computer for example or play game. This one train of thought also promoted the development of IC.

Arrived the 3rd phase, IC and transistor begin to be used at camera of mobile telephone, number, music player and compositive all smartphones of these functions. This is an epoch-making breakthrough, can compares the MacWorld Expo 2007, steve Qiaobusi was released at that time history the first IPhone, it is the functional be in harmony of mobile phone, PC and IPod an organic whole.

3.Change Multi-Die to the system

After taking the place of 1960, IC uses traditional planar structure to design digital circuit normally. Later a few years, IC transfers to newer structure stage by stage: 2011, finFET (effect of fin type field) transistor (graph 3) came out; Predict 2024, more optimized GAA (surround completely grid) the main trend that transistor will make a technology advance. The technology that coarse place brings the appearance that it emphasizes at Yu Ke to take fin type construction is restricted.

Graph 3: Intel makes the same score face transistor from 32 accept rice (left) transfer the transistor of 3 grid FinFET of 22 accept rice (right)

Besides contractible transistor dimension, outside increasing transistor density, developer still devotes oneself to to develop the new material, power comsumption that optimizes equipment to promote computation rate.

The transistor amount that individual chip can contain is finite, manufacturer has approached limit of this one physics, prospective chip will be in individual in enclosing many more compositive small chip, perpendicular stack will be used below certain circumstance. Although partial transistor can use GAA technology design, but some transistor still need to use planar framework, so that embed 1D or 2D equipment.

Developer of Multi-Die system help is patulous systematic function, already made the main trend of semiconductor industry, this get out of the way sent a group to have more tool, the 3D that implementation of more organic meeting simplifies is compositive.

Prospective transistor incline to height special change, this also brought good luck and challenge for the group. Need to ensure the system can accommodate the transistor of different type not only, also should ensure the system is OK and efficient move. Its key depends on using the design thinking that is a center with the system, ground of from bottom to top builds form type to design transistor.

4.Arrive from VR helmet aircraft: What is a meeting?

Circuit developer expects as far as possible little choice is different and specific the transistor of the type. However, no matter be in the application of chip class or systematic level, the choice of prospective transistor will be decided by special domain and specific data.

Below such setting, rub is Er mensurable how ” add life ” ? Think of science and technology newly to think, rub Er law will still continue, but we need redefine ” transistor density ” .

For example, whether do we still need to consider the transistor measure of unit area or unit computation means? In view of the unit computational means has considered three-dimensional bulk and the largest cross section inside, narrow ceaselessly as the dimension of transistor, this or it is better to will become those who measure transistor function and speed index.

The application nowadays devotes oneself to the patulous mankind perception, observation, ability that understands the world, virtual reality (VR) and enhance reality (AR) development is exciting. Same, drive automatically the car also is using all sorts of sensor with integrated circuit drive, photograph go collecting information like head and other electron system, assure safe travel.

Arrive from original individual transistor huge now chip system, transistor becomes smaller, lighter, cost is lower also. This brought new opportunity, design hardware system and the software that its run in coordination for example.

The upsurge that the transistor that instantly lifts again invents, potential is tremendous, future but period. And the key that achieves a breakthrough depends on finding a kind of better method, design small core bead for the center with the system, pass more optimized transistor, aid force to create better number thereby wisdom future.

(Article origin: Think of science and technology newly)

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