[introduction]Any electron system needs a microprocessor (MPU) kernel, of course also some of system can choose small controller (MCU) , or it is digital signal processor (DSP) , the spot but array of door of process designing logic (FPGA) , it is odd even a machine (SBC) the computation that will be in charge of a system and control work, the essentials that will have the relevant product such as microprocessor for you below introduces.

Any electron system needs a microprocessor (MPU) kernel, of course also some of system can choose small controller (MCU) , or it is digital signal processor (DSP) , the spot but array of door of process designing logic (FPGA) , it is odd even a machine (SBC) the computation that will be in charge of a system and control work, the essentials that will have the relevant product such as microprocessor for you below introduces.

Microprocessor is the core parts of an apparatus of the computer

Microprocessor is unit (MPU)

Microprocessor is unit (MPU) it is a kind of integrated circuit (IC) , main function is the instruction collect in all of executive computer science department, it is the core parts of an apparatus of the computer, be considered as systematic cerebra normally, be in charge of handle and executing all sorts of computation, control and operation, include program code to carry out, data retrieval ／ sends memory, and logistic to calculative of data application maths. Microprocessor is called again central processor (Central Processing Unit, CPU) , it is one of parts with the most important computer.

The main function of microprocessor includes computational faculty, with will carry out all sorts of maths and logistic computation, it can process much data and carry out complex calculation, this makes execute all sorts of application orders computational function is quite. In addition, microprocessor includes unit of a control, responsible explanation puts medium statement inside with executive memory.

The traversal speed of microprocessor is measured normally by frequency, express the clock periodicity that every second carries out, frequency is taller, the traversal speed of processor is faster, the delegate can be in same time inline processing more instructions. At present contemporary microprocessor uses much nucleus technology normally, mean them to include many processing kernel, this makes processor can handle many tasks at the same time, improve overall performance and efficiency of much task processing.

On the other hand, microprocessor still includes high speed cache, use at of short duration to collect commonly used instruction and data, in order to raise visit rate. High speed cache conduces to decrease from advocate the demand that access reads to occupy in memory, improve systematic performance. When use microprocessor undertakes designing, must dictate according to what want to use first normally collect framework (RISC-V, X86 and ARM) , will choose appropriate microprocessor. Microprocessor basically is used in server, workstation, computer, mobile equipment, report to enjoy the product such as machine stage.

Small controller is easier by the system compositive

Small controller (MCU) be a kind embedded the integrated circuit in the system, although the function of small controller under microprocessor, but it is easier by the system compositive, and the price is lower also. The function of small controller basically includes kernel of one or more processing, be in charge of carrying out built-in in its in-house program code, these processor have inferior frequency rate normally, but the application with enough specific processing. In addition, small controller includes interior to shine normally put, use at storage program code, and random access memory (RAM) , use at of short duration to collect the data when moving.

Small controller still has input ／ to output interface, can join peripheral equipment, for example sensor, monitor, communication interface, these interface allow small controller and outside to undertake data is exchanged. Small controller still includes built-in timer and tally normally, use at executing pulse of time task, computation or generation sequential signal.

Small controller can pass through different communication agreement, wait like UART, SPI, I2C, undertake with other equipment data is exchanged, include circuit of power source management, can manage specific power consumption effectively, in order to lengthen battery life or economic electric energy. In addition, the special hardware that partial small controller may be built-in specific applying, for example imitate – digital converter (ADC) , number – imitate converter (DAC) , PWM is controlled (pulse width air runs) etc, in order to support all sorts of application demand.

What the characteristic of small controller depends on them is compositive degree tall, and be aimed at specific application undertook optimizing. This makes they are become a lot of embedded good choice of the system, because they are in bulk small, power comsumption while low, cost effectiveness is tall, provided enough computation and control capability. Small controller runs real time operating system normally (RTOS) , basically use in the domain such as equipment of automat, medical treatment, electric home appliances<gj and robot.

Digital signal processor satisfies the requirement that treats in real time

Digital signal processor (Digital Signal Processor, DSP)

Just as its name implies, digital signal processor (Digital Signal Processor, DSP) it is the microprocessor that a kind of special design uses at processing digital signal, its main function is be like,efficient ground is carried out the task such as frequency processing, image processing, communication processing, normally DSP chip has converter of number of high resolution imitate (ADC) with digital imitate converter (DAC) , and function of digital filter wave, DSP is optimized and design, can use at carrying out complex digital signal calculation quickly, in order to satisfy the requirement that real time treats.

DSP is dedicated at processing digital signal, have optimized hardware and instruction market, in order to realize efficient maths and signal processing computation, this makes the data that they can process high density in real time application flows, for example frequency or image data. DSP has unit of many collateral processing or channel normally, this makes DSP handles multichannel signal to become at the same time more easy, the application that this processes multichannel data to flow to synchronism is very useful, like much passageway frequency is handled or much antenna corresponds system.

The instruction collect of DSP includes to process the instruction that the task optimizes in the light of digital signal normally, for example fast Fourier alternates (FFT) and roll accumulate computation to wait, this makes on DSP algorithm of processing of implementation number signal becomes more efficient. A lot of DSP are designed to be applicable at equipment of low power comsumption, this makes they agree with the application of batteries power supply or efficiency of requirement power comsumption, be like portable frequency equipment or wireless communication equipment.

In addition, still have controller of signal of a kind of number (DSC) , can be regarded as the special combination between DSP and MCU. DSC includes the function in small controller normally, for example path of flexible of broad shift of watchdog timer, arteries and veins and use vulgar language (for example C program language or assembly language) the capacity that has process designing.

Have can reframe sexual spot but array of door of process designing logic

FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array)

FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) be a kind but array of door of spot process designing, it is to be able to allow an user but process designing deploys logistic division piece (CLB) the semiconductor device that each other receives again and again, new after leave factory process designing the join between these CLB and them, make they can get used to applied demand, add more function, be a kind agile and the digital logic parts of an apparatus that can reframe.

One of the biggest characteristics of FPGA are its can reframe quality, allow an user changing its are configured afresh below the circumstance of hardware parts of an apparatus of in-house number logic. This makes FPGA can get used to diverse applied demand, undertake updating as the elapse of time. FPGA interior has memory of a configuration, use at storing the configuration of logistic parts of an apparatus is believed to cease, these configuration can pass software or hardware design tool arises, next to load arrives in FPGA, make its execute specific function.

Because FPGA interior has many but parts of an apparatus of process designing logic, accordingly it has the capacity of collateral processing, can execute many missions at the same time, this makes FPGA applies to need to run paralell highly the application of processing. FPGA applies extensively at digital signal processing, embedded processing of system, high-powered computation, communication, image, network is quickened and the domain such as archetypal design. Because its can reframe gender and height are custom-built the characteristic that change, FPGA often is used at develop and checking new hardware design.

Although because most FPGA uses memory of static random access (SRAM) , and can for many times new process designing, but also once quality but process designing (OTP) option, rather he is embedded option photograph is compared, the unit price of FPGA normally taller.

Have the sheet with compact exterior and compositive height piece machine

Odd a machine (Single Board Computer, SBC)

Odd a machine (Single Board Computer, SBC) it is interconnected system of a kind of whole computer science department, all main parts of an apparatus are compositive in an onefold circuit board go up, have compact appearance and offer computational ability and processing rate. SBC includes central processor (CPU) , ／ of memory, input is outputted (I/O) device of interface, storage and other and necessary parts of an apparatus, wait like interface of USB, HDMI, network.

Most SBC is designed to be equipment of low power comsumption, make its apply to the application with energy-saving need, be like embedded system, portable equipment. SBC applies extensively at waiting like equipment of industrial control, automation, medical treatment embedded system, these systems need an interconnected system of whole computer science department in order to execute specific mission. As a result of the framework with simple SBC and opposite low, SBC also is applied extensively at teaching a domain, use at course of student learning computer, process designing and hardware design. SBC also is development and the ideal platform that prototype designs, developer can use them to come design of soft hardware of concept of fast test and verify, test, undertake product prototype is developed.

A lot of SBC have enormous community support, this includes developer, manufacturer and fan. These community can offer a technology tool of support, development, tutorial expands with tripartite module, make the person that use can use these SBC better. A few common SBC include bramble to send (Raspberry Pi) , Arduino, BeagleBone, Odroid, every kinds of SBC has its distinctive characteristic and use, can choose appropriate model according to specific requirement.

Epilogue

Choosing appropriate microprocessor is embedded the important key in systematic development process, can wait for an element according to applied demand, cost, ecosystem, will choose appropriate microprocessor. DigiKey offerred the solution such as a variety of MPU, MCU, DSP, FPGA, SBC to offer client alternative, the engineer can arrive the information with the application of DigiKey and technical webpage more detailed reference, if have more demand, also can contact with DigiKey in order to obtain more and detailed information.

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