[introduction]The article puts forward a compatible AirFuel and Qi two big wireless charge of the standard wireless charge (WPT) antenna configuration and active commutate circuit, emulated a tool to evaluate the performance that aerial configures with Cadence Virtuoso, measure data actually the coil parameter that circuit emulation place uses is the coil that sells on the market at present. We will be emulated result and at present the most advanced aerial technology undertook contrast and be comparatived, test and verify the advantage that this antenna configures. The active commutator circuit that the article puts forward uses design of technology of 90 Nm BCD, can configure rectifier afresh according to working frequency. Finally, the article still emulated a tool to check below all sorts of conditions with Cadence Virtuoso complete wireless charge systematic model, include electric energy to send end among them (the double standard antenna that TX) and article put forward and active commutate system, reached the detailed efficiency data of whole system, evaluated the performance of the aerial configuration that the article puts forward and active commutate circuit in the round.

Summary

The article puts forward a compatible AirFuel and Qi two big wireless charge of the standard wireless charge (WPT) antenna configuration and active commutate circuit, emulated a tool to evaluate the performance that aerial configures with Cadence Virtuoso, measure data actually the coil parameter that circuit emulation place uses is the coil that sells on the market at present. We will be emulated result and at present the most advanced aerial technology undertook contrast and be comparatived, test and verify the advantage that this antenna configures. The active commutator circuit that the article puts forward uses design of technology of 90 Nm BCD, can configure rectifier afresh according to working frequency. Finally, the article still emulated a tool to check below all sorts of conditions with Cadence Virtuoso complete wireless charge systematic model, include electric energy to send end among them (the double standard antenna that TX) and article put forward and active commutate system, reached the detailed efficiency data of whole system, evaluated the performance of the aerial configuration that the article puts forward and active commutate circuit in the round.

I. Introductive

In going a few years, wireless charge technical importance promotes increasingly. Wireless charge the technology does not need cable, charge to equipment for the user bring great advantage. Wireless charge the technology still has another advantage, profit from is OK and fixed wireless charge, what batteries module can design is smaller [1] , make equipment bulk becomes smaller thereby. Wireless charge the technology covers different power level, from the electric car that fills made of baked clay form of electric power million, to made of baked clay class consume kind of product, cover with tiles to fine long hair again the biology medicine of class is embedded equipment, wireless charge application is very wide.

Implementation is wireless charge the technology has a variety of methods, for example, pass magnetic field, capacitance, radio frequency (RF) , ultrasonic or laser are deferent electric energy [1] . However, electromagnetism induction or electromagnetism resonance are application the most extensive wireless charge solution. Electromagnetism charges plan relies on the magnetic field coupling between two coil to deliver electric energy. Aerial module component includes the compensation circuit of these two coil and capacitor composition. Inductive type charges and of electromagnetism resonance system lie differently to be mixed at coefficient of magnetic field coupling working frequency. Wireless charge standard Qi and AirFuel are to have representative inductive type and electromagnetism resonance type to charge respectively technology. The characteristic of Qi standard is coil strong coupling (coupling coefficient K is about normally 0.7) , working frequency is inside limits of 100 KHz-300 KHz, and electric energy sink (the syntonic frequency of RX) antenna normally inferior, and AirFuel mark criterion is contrary, loose coupling is between aerial coil, syntonic frequency is 6.78 MHz or its rectify multiple, send upright antenna and sink (frequency of RX) antenna resonance is same.

Graph 1.  Complete wireless charge systematic sketch map

Had been accepted by the market in view of these two kinds of standards, those who support double standard of Qi and AirFuel is wireless charge aerial and electric energy receive module, reach the technical standards related its, cause the attention of industry. In document data, can find a few research work that offer double standard electric energy to receive a solution [3]-[6] . However, the main research direction of these composing is design of circuit of electric energy sink, especially active commutator, and did not configure the detailed introduction that installs with coil parameter about aerial. Although be in document [the treatise that there is the aerial configuration that supports double standard in 2] , but, did not introduce final coupling coefficient in detail. The article put forward the antenna of a kind of innovation to configure circuit of plan and active commutate. Rectification circuit uses craft of 90 Nm BCD to design, supportive Qi and AirFuel two wireless charge standard, output power covers the consumptive equipment such as notebook computer, smartphone power of commonly used output.

To evaluate the devises plan performance that the article offers, we were evaluated with Cadence Virtuoso emulation tool the graph shows 1 times complete wireless charge system, include to input batteries, electric energy to send end among them (electric capacity of output of wave of commutator of coil of TX) module, antenna, active, filter and load. Output stabilized voltage module for imitate (did not go out inside the plan that shows the article to put forward) the effect, we consider to join in laden place a batteries, output voltage VOUT is set be worth for target voltage, namely Qi charges is 12 V, airFuel charges is 20 V.

Graph 2. (A) document [the configuration of double standard antenna that shows in 2] ; (The double standard antenna that the article puts forward B) is configured; (C) token measures uses coil position; (Principle of D) antenna testboard pursues, to be in Cadence Virtuoso imitate antenna offers relevant parameter.

The aerial parameter that aerial configures emulation place to use is the real measured value of the coil that sells on the market at present. Check two coil neat, change coil span ceaselessly at the same time, slotted line encircles the coupling coefficient in different span, it is next in emulation tool imitate these coupling coefficient. Carry this kind of kind, can evaluate the performance of the aerial configuration that the article puts forward and active commutate circuit in the round, reach wireless charge system the detailed efficiency information of every module. Consider all cases inside, the efficiency of active commutator exceeds 93% , the efficiency of aerial module is in 67.4% to 95.6% between.

The structure of the article is as follows: The 2nd part describes the aerial configuration that the article puts forward, the 3rd part introduces the active commutate circuit that the article puts forward, report of the 4th portion emulates result of test and verify, the 5th part is conclusion.

II. Aerial deploys program

For development compatible AirFuel is mixed the double standard of Qi is wireless charge receive a system, need uses two independent antenna, through choosing inductance value and Q factor alone, the utmost inside the working frequency limits that can differ in two improves efficiency. According to document [the structure that 2] offers, two antenna can do synthesis structure of a double antenna, see a picture 2 (A) . Capacitor C2 can be open circuit approximately when low frequency; C1 of large electric capacity is in high frequency when have short circuit effect, the impedance of L1 is the biggest in circuit.

Express 1: Coil measures parameter actually

Standard	H of LP [μ ]	Coil span [Cm]	K1	K2	Frequency Frequency [KHz]
AirFuel	1.2	0.4	0.278	0.414	1000
AirFuel	1.2	0.8	0.141	0.209	1000
AirFuel	1.2	1.2	0.114	0.151	1000
AirFuel	1.2	1.8	0.068	0.093	1000
AirFuel	3.55	0.6	0.093	0.146	1000
AirFuel	3.55	1	0.088	0.137	1000
AirFuel	3.55	1.7	0.081	0.110	1000
AirFuel	3.55	2.2	0.064	0.092	1000
Qi	10	0.4	0.687	0.195	150
Qi	10	0.8	0.450	0.164	150
Qi	10	1.5	0.224	0.114	150
Qi	10	2.0	0.142	0.079	150

Pass this kind of means to be able to establish circuit of resonance of two series connection, the circuit of resonance of Qi standard low frequency that one is 100kHz-300kHz of working frequency limits, define syntonic frequency scope by LS1 + LS2 and C1; Another is working frequency 6.78 MHz or its times more integral Airfuel standard high frequency and syntonic circuit, decide working frequency by LS2 and C2. To satisfy frequency of resonance of two series connection, the article offerred a plan 2 (B) shows aerial configuration, below Qi circumstance, frequency of series connection resonance is decided by LS1 and C1; Below AirFuel circumstance, frequency of series connection resonance is decided by LS2 and C2. The value of L1 basically is optimized work inside Qi frequency limits; The value of L2 basically is optimized work inside Airfuel frequency limits; Next, choice and two capacitor C1 of inductor correspondence and C2, in order to obtain two syntonic frequency that place requires.

The graph is shown 1 times is the complete aerial configuration that the article puts forward, what coil uses is the standard coil that sells on the market: Sink place chooses the 760308101150 inductance coil that coil LS1 and LS2 are Wurth Elektronik company, inductance is H of 6.3 μ and H [8]; of 1.2 μ respectively fall in Qi circumstance, send end line to encircle LP to use 760308101141 Coil of inductance of H of 10 μ [9] , below AirFuel circumstance, the consideration chooses coil of inductance of H of μ of 760308101150 1.2 or H of 3.55 μ inductive board charger.

For estimation different coil is opposite the coupling coefficient K1 between and K2, according to the configuration that place of graph 2 (c) shows, two coil that choose place are right neat, with LCR the watch measures the coupling level between two coil, consider the coupling case of different span inside, reach thereby mutual inductance M and coupling coefficient K1. In beg when calculating AirFuel system parameter, 1 MHz of the biggest frequency chooses on LCR measuring instrument, because syntonic frequency setting is when 6.78 MHz, the frequency below normal circumstance won’t appear to change significantly. If watch I place is shown,coil measures parameter.

III. Active commutate circuit devises plan

Rectification circuit design uses technology of 90 Nm BCD, by 4 canal of switch of reasonable pilot power is formed. Transistor of these 4 NMOS has the effect of equivalent diode, guide when transistor when connecting, positive electricity flows from the source extremely flow to leakage pole, realize circuit of commutate of so called active, if pursue,1 is shown.

Graph 3.  Active commutator plan (A) Gao Bian (MOSFET of power of B) low margin controls structural sketch map.

Graph 4. (A) is modular the sketch map of driver design program and power MOSFET system; (The detailed sketch map of structure of module of B) power MOSFET; (Structure of C) drive module.

With power switch the canal is replaced normally the reason of diode is, power switch is in charge of pressure fall lower, efficiency is taller, especially, the parts of an apparatus of PMOS of quality factor prep above of NMOS. The sketch map of circuit of interior of active commutate plan that graph 3(a) and graph 3(b) are switch of high margin power and switch of low margin power respectively. In give typical examples, we discussed power transistor M1 and M3 and the working way that open articulatory dot S1, this means applies to M2, M4 and S2 likewise. Comparator is used at detecting on switch M1 pressure fall and voltaic direction, comparator output still needs to use to be similar to document [the filter wave circuit that 7] puts forward will handle, obtain the control signal CTRLi of power switch finally. The good of filter wave circuit is the burr in eliminating comparator to output and stray inverting signal. Comparator can be restricted to be worth canal of high margin switch and low margin switch to be in charge of driving voltage, because node S1 is between GND of ground connection of electric energy sink and OUT of node of design output voltage switch, exceeded the secure job area of power MOS likely, the function of S2 is similar.

Especially, in Gao Bian switch circuit develop attacks in, because the working voltage limits of comparator is to be between OUT of output voltage node and node GndHV, gndHV is to design output voltage to subtract of diode of a neat accept pressure fall, accordingly, need is being inputted to comparator undertake bounds a processing, in order to ensure working voltage not under GndHV. Be restricted through transistor MP1 and resistor R1 implementation a function: Come when S1 switch when OUT, MP1 job is in dynatron area, be equivalent to closing switch; Come when S1 switch when GND, MP1 guides in saturated area, ensure comparator is inputting node forever won’t the sum of source grid voltage under GndHV and MP1; R1 must take a cost correct, ability restricts the electric current that has shed MP1.

To the case that low margin switch provides, comparator loses an input to need to be restricted, lest exceed VddLV of voltage of this locality power source (assuming is 5V) : This function comes true by MP3 and R3. In fact, the MP1 with Gao Bian is similar, arrive when S1 switch when GND, MP3 job is inside dynatron safety area, close to since the action of switch; Arrive when S1 switch when OUT, transistor job is in saturated area, comparator negative input voltage restricts the bar source voltage in MP3. Circuit of high margin switch needs n converter, because the limits of power source voltage of comparator is to be between OUT and GndHV, and the power source voltage of filter and driver circuit is to be in lift VddHVi of power source voltage and Si oneself between.

Frequency of two standards job and target output power are worth AirFuel and Qi different (Qi is 40 W, airfuel is 10 W) , for compatible these two wireless charge standard, power MOS transistor and its drive circuit must can configure afresh. On one hand, below Qi circumstance, working frequency is low, switch loss is negligible not plan. Because design target is the output power with higher implementation, need the MOS parts of an apparatus of large size so, utmost ground decreases guide a loss; On the other hand, below AirFuel circumstance, working frequency is taller, switch loss is very big, accordingly, preferential choose the transistor with lesser dimension, reduce parasitism electric capacity with utmost ground.

The can configure afresh power switch that the article offers and drive circuit are to use design of technology of 90 Nm BCD, if pursue,4(a) place is shown. This circuit is comprised by 4 driver and module of 4 power MOS, can pass choose driver and power module according to digital signal Fse with the door. There are 3 parallel connections inside power MOS module child module, every stature module includes 6.72-mm of a grid width, bar to if graph 4(b) place is shown,grow 56 250 Nm, Fingers(nf) . Drive module by 4 class inverter catenary is formed, fingers amount (Nf) is 1-3-8-16, NMOS grid width 24 μ M, m of μ of 41.3 of PMOS grid width, the transistor length of NMOS and PMOS is M of 1 μ , if pursue,4(c) place is shown.

In Qi circumstance, fsel is tall n, 4 module work entirely, module of drive of control signal CTRL works, form by 12 paralell connection child the equivalent power switch that module comprises; In AirFuel circumstance, fsel is low n, only the first module is activationed, drive of control signal CTRL this module works, and 3 module shut the rest, accordingly, switch of these 3 power is to close position. This kind of method makes active commutator can get used to two to charge power demand of the standard.

IV. Emulation result

We emulate a tool with Cadence Virtuoso, the testboard principle that shows according to graph 2(d) place pursues, the antenna that evaluated the article to put forward deploys program, measure data actually of the coil that used the sale on the market, adjusted the look value of syntonic capacitance according to standard standard. Inputting voltage VIN is 12 V, laden resistor RLOAD is alterable. We still checked document with same method [the aerial configuration that puts forward in 2] .

Graph 5 with the graph the 6 output power that described two kinds of antenna to configure emulation test respectively and efficiency are in the curve of different and laden limits.

Discover not hard, the aerial configuration that the article puts forward rivals document in the function in Qi circumstance [the aerial configuration that puts forward in 2] ; Below AirFuel circumstance, efficiency property performance is higher, taller efficiency is shown inside limits of whole and laden resistor, and be in laden resistor is taller, when load current is inferior, output power is apparent taller, this special agree those who consume kind of application is wireless charge design target. The aerial configuration that offers the article and active commutate circuit are put complete wireless charge inside the system, if the graph is shown 1 times, emulate a tool to test this wireless transmission system with Cadence Virtuoso next.

Send structural difference considering electric energy, the sink that the double standard that emulation test uses sends end and article to put forward is used identical can configure driver and canal of power MOS switch afresh. Emulation test still used single standard to send end, its driver and power MOS dimension are according to Qi or AirFuel the technology asks special and custom-built. In addition, we still emulate a test two whole odd levels are special and wireless charge system, sending end and sink among them is designed technically according to Qi or AirFuel, this single standard is emulated for double standard function evaluation provides a reference fiducial. Emulation test inputs voltage 12V, load is batteries voltage, airFuel circumstance is 20V, qi circumstance is 12V.

Measure an outcome actually the aerial parameter that system simulation place uses is coil. The collect that express II the emulation result below all sorts of circumstances, provided the detailed efficiency data of different module. Clearly, circuit of commutate of double standard active carries outstanding efficiency below all circumstances, more special than the standard solution is low 1.5% . In addition, the aerial configuration that the article puts forward is behaved in the efficiency below most circumstance good (prep above 82 ％ ) , it is only when magnetic field coupling factor is very low, efficiency just is met inferior.

V. Conclusion

Graph 5. Output power emulates a result (output power and laden resistor RLOAD are function relation)

Graph 6. Efficiency emulates a result (efficiency and laden resistor RLOAD are function relation)

The supportive Qi that the article put forward a kind of innovation and AirFuel two big wireless charge aerial configuration of the standard and active commutate circuit. When implementation antenna is configured, we consider to use the standard coil that sells in the market, encircle token coil character through slotted line, reach the parameter of antenna be emulationed. The antenna that emulated a tool to check the article to put forward in the round with Cadence Virtuoso is configured and can configure active commutator afresh, undertake comparative with corresponding single standard system, the plan design that proves the article puts forward retained good efficiency and output power, provided the detailed efficiency data of different module at the same time, analysed double standard in the round wireless charge the performance that receives systematic antenna and active commutate circuit, fill thereby complete document data is in of this respect be short of estrangement inadequacy.

Bibliographical reference

[1]E. Moisello, a. Liotta, p. Malcovati And E. Bonizzoni, “Recent Trends And Challenges In Near-Field Wireless Power Transfer Systems ” , in IEEE Open Journal Of The Solid-State Circuits Society, doi: 10.1109/OJSSCS.2023.3313575.

[2]P. S. Riehl Et Al. , “Wireless Power Systems For Mobile Devices Supporting Inductive And Resonant Operating Modes ” , in IEEE Transactions On Microwave Theory And Techniques, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 780-790, march 2015, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2015.2398413.

[3]Y. – J. Park Et Al. , “A Triple-Mode Wireless Power-Receiving Unit With

85.5% System Efficiency For A4WP, WPC, and PMA Applications ” , in IEEE Transactions On Power Electronics, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 3141-3156, april 2018, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2017.2703153.

[4]M. Huang, y. Lu And R. P. Martins, “A Reconfigurable Bidirectional Wireless Power Transceiver For Battery-to-Battery Wireless Charging ” , in IEEE Transactions On Power Electronics, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 77457753, aug. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2018.2881285.

(Author: &Nbsp;Elisabetta Moisello, alberto Cattani, piero Malcovati, edoardo Bonizzoni, Italy Paweiya electric, computer and biology medicine project are the universityMeaning law semiconductor, Keernaleiduo, Italy)

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